References

Frog Song references

References on this web page appear on pages 75-83 of Frog Song.

Direct links are provided here for ease of access. Please note that Reference 45 (on the origin of Bd spread; Expanded Glossary - Global food and pet trade, page 64) is corrected to the research (noted in the Expanded Glossary entry) published in Science, May 2018, that suggests Bd originated in a biodiversity hot spot of East Asia as stated in the book. This reference update will be included in future editions of Frog Song.

illustration references

Amazon gladiator frog, Cocobolo Nature Reserve, Panama by Robin D. Moore. Illustrated by Bonnie Gordon-Lucas. Cover and page 26.. Accessed March 21, 2023.

Toughie by Joel Sartore. Illustrated by Bonnie Gordon-Lucas. Page 14. Accessed March 21, 2023.

Spread of Bd from Costa Rica eastward through Panama. Illustrated by Rosemary Middlebrook. Pages 32 and 33. Figure 1 from Lips, Karen et al. “Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a Neotropical amphibian community.” PNAS. 103 (9) 3165-3170. Published February 15, 2006. And Revkin, Andrew. “A Frog Species is Gone, But Its Call Lives On.” YouTube. @0:15. Accessed March 21, 2023.

Frog sculpture on bench at Atlanta Botanical Garden. Illustrated by Bonnie Gordon-Lucas. Page 56 and 57. Accessed March 21, 2023.

endnotes

1. Mandica, Mark. “Knowing this day would come didn’t make it any easier.” Amphibian Foundation Frog Blog. Published September 28, 2016. Accessed March 11, 2023.

2. As of 2014, nearly half of Atlanta, Georgia was covered in urban tree canopy and Atlanta has the highest canopy coverage among large cities in the United States. Thus, the nickname “City in the Forest.” Trees Atlanta. Accessed March 7, 2023.

3. Panama is a country in Central America that includes more than 1600 small islands and the Isthmus of Panama, a narrow land bridge that connects North and South America. Britannica.

4. Kolbert, Elizabeth. The Sixth Mass Extinction: An Unnatural History. Picador, 2014.

5. Mandica, Mark. Personal communication. 2022.

6. National Geographic photographer Joel Sartore photographed Toughie in 2014 for The Photo Ark. Joel’s photo of Toughie was included in Projecting Change’s 2015 “Illuminating Our Common Home.” Accessed January 9, 2023.

7. Mark Mandica personal communication November 21, 2022. Please see Project Golden Frog.

8. Accounts of Rabbs’ fringe-limbed treefrog’s last wild song differ in online sources. Most sources say the species’ last wild song was heard in 2007. The IUCN Red List is one source that says the last wild song was heard by researchers in 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Rabbs’ Fringe-limbed Treefrog (Ecnomiohyla rabborum), Population Detail. Published 2019. Accessed March 9, 2023.

9. Please see frogsongbook.com to hear Toughie’s song.

10. Robin D. Moore as quoted in an interview with Jane J. Lee for National Geographic, “The Search for Missing Frogs Brings Some Species Back from the Dead.”Published September 30, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2023.

11. Haiti is a country that includes the western third of the island of Hispaniola and smaller islands in the Caribbean Sea. Britannica.

12. Horned Marsupial Frog. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed March 11, 2023.

13. Whitfield, John. Lost Animals: Extinct, Endangered, and Rediscovered Species. Smithsonian Books, 2020.

14. Madagascar is an island country off the southeastern coast of Africa. Britannica.

15. University of Copenhagen. “Twenty new gurgling and creaking frog species from Madagascar named.” Phys.org, published December 15, 2022. Accessed February 13, 2023.

16. Mebert, González-Pinzón, Miranda, Griffith, Veselý, Schmid, and Batista, 2022. “Greta Thunberg’s Rainfrog (Pristimantis gretathunbergae).” Amphibian Species of the World 6.1, an Online Reference, by Darrel Frost and the American Museum of Natural History. Accessed February 11, 2023. Also, Kimbrough, L. “In Panama, a tiny rainfrog named after Greta Thunberg endures.” Mongabay, published January 11, 2022. Accessed March 3, 2023.

17. Harpy Eagle. American Bird Conservancy. See also Harpy Eagle. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed March 7, 2023.

18. Jaguar. National Geographic Kids. Also, Meet the Jaguar. Panthera. And PantheraTV: The Jaguar Corridor Initiative. See also Jaguar. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed March 7, 2023.

19. Sloth. National Geographic Kids. Also, Brown-Throated Three-Toed Sloth. Rainforest Alliance. See also Brown-Throated Three-Toed Sloth. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed March 7, 2023.

20. The Baird’s tapir. Tapir Specialist Group. See also Baird’s tapir. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed March 7, 2023.

21. The blue morpho butterfly is one of the world’s largest kind of butterflies. See also Blue Morpho Butterfly | Untamed at Nat Geo WILD. Accessed March 7, 2023.

22. Boyd, P. and H. Vining 2011. “Campylopterus hemileucurus.” (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Also, American Bird Conservancy. Northern Climes to Nicaragua: Long-distance Migrants on Shade Coffee Farms. See also Violet Sabrewing. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed March 7, 2023.

23. Red-Eyed Tree Frog. National Geographic Kids. See also Red-eyed Treefrog. IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. Accessed March 8, 2023.

24. Springborn, Michael R., et al. “Amphibian collapses increased malaria incidence in Central America.” IOPScience, Environmental Research Letters, Volume 17, Number 10, IOP Publishing Ltd. Published September 20, 2022. Accessed February 13, 2023.

25. Robin D. Moore as quoted in an interview with Jane J. Lee for National Geographic, “The Search for Missing Frogs Brings Some Species Back from the Dead.” Published September 30, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2023.

26. Wake, David B. and Vredenburg, and Vance T. “Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians.” PNAS, Vol. 105, No. supplement. Published August 12, 2008. Accessed February 13, 2023.

27. Most reference to global climate change (and the warming trend with the Industrial, Green, and Technical Revolutions) is focused on global mean (average) surface temperature change, which can force change at local and regional scales. Research has shown that for changes that occur over the course of ten years or longer, global surface temperature change explains over half of local changes for most of Earth. Wake, B. Global versus local. Nature Climate Change, 5, 974. Published October 23, 2015. Accessed March 12, 2023.

28. Mbizah, Moreangels. “How community-led conservation can save wildlife.” TED. Accessed March 11, 2023.

29. Please read Rosenzweig, Michael L. Win-Win Ecology. How the Earth’s Species Can Survive in the Midst of Human Enterprise. Oxford University Press, 2003.

30. See also Amphibian Survival Alliance and IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group.

31. White, Robyn. “Tiny Imperiled Salamander on Brink of Extinction Bred in Captivity for First Time.” Newsweek. Published on February 8, 2022. Accessed February 13, 2023.

32. Scientists are aware of five major or mass extinction events in Earth’s history that have been followed by recovery and increased biodiversity. Please see Sixth Mass Extinction in the Expanded Glossary for more.

33. “Official CBD Press Release - 19 December 2022, Montreal.” See also Campaign for Nature. Accessed February 25, 2023.

34. All About Frogs. Burke Museum.

35. “What are amphibians?” Amphibian Ark.

36. Scheele, Ben C., et al. “Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity.” Science, Volume 363, Issue 6434. Published March 29, 2019; Corrected March 23, 2020. Accessed September 11, 2023.

37. Sarkar, Sahotra. “Origin of the Term Biodiversity.” BioScience, Volume 71, Issue 9, September 2021, Page 893. Published July 1, 2021. Accessed February 25, 2023.

38. Biodiversity. National Geographic Education. Accessed February 20, 2023.

39. Alberts, E.C. “Global biodiversity is in crisis, but how bad is it? It’s complicated.” Mongabay. Published April 11, 2022. Accessed March 12, 2023.

40. For more information and educated opinions on captive breeding for amphibians and other beings, please see “Animal Husbandry.” Amphibian Ark. And “Croaking Science: Captive Breeding, Conservation and Welfare of Amphibians.” Frog Life. Accessed February 28, 2023.

41. “Darien National Park.” UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed February 11, 2023.

42. Forest Canopy. Science Direct. Accessed March 4, 2023.

43. Mandica, Mark. Personal communication. March 6, 2023.

44. “Amphibian Ark Fact Sheet.” Amphibian Ark. Accessed March 4, 2023.

45. O’Hanlon, Simon J. et al. “Recent Asian origin of chytrid fungi causing global amphibian declines.” Science, May 11, 2018, Vol 360, Issue 6389, Pages 621-627. Accessed October 18, 2023.

46. “How do humans affect biodiversity?” The Royal Society. Accessed March 5, 2023.

47. “How to be a Herpetologist.” Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Accessed March 5, 2023.

48. Siddig, Ahmed A.H. et al. “How do ecologists select and use indicator species to monitor ecological change? Insights from 14 years of publication in Ecological Indicators.” Ecological Indicators, Science Direct. January 2016, Volume 60, Pages 223-230. Accessed March 5, 2023.

49. Douglas W. Tallamy describes Homegrown National Park in chapter five of his book Nature’s Best Hope: A New Approach to Conservation That Starts in Your Yard. Published by Timber Press, 2019.

50. “Terms & Definitions - IUCN Red List Criteria.” Bird Life International. Accessed March 8, 2023.

51. “Horned Marsupial Frog Gastrotheca cornuta.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed March 5, 2023.

52. Toughie’s photos at the Photo Ark by Joel Sartore. See also Joel Sartore’s video of Toughie, vimeo.com/58401384

53. Mendelson, Savage, Griffith, Ross, Kubicki, and Gagliardo, 2008. “Rabbs’ fringe-limed treefrog, Ecnomiohyla rabborum.” Amphibian Species of the World 6.1, an Online Reference, by Darrel Frost and the American Museum of Natural History. See also Rabbs’ fringe-limbed treefrog. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed March 9, 2023.

54. Mandica, Mark. “Knowing this day would come didn’t make it any easier.” Amphibian Foundation’s Frog Blog. September 28, 2016. Accessed March 9, 2023.

55. Mitchell, Joseph C., Mendelson, Joseph R., and Stewart, Margaret M. “George Bernard Rabb.” Copeia, 105(3), 592-598, Published October 11, 2017. Accessed March 9, 2023.

56. “Episode 1: Dave Foreman on The History and Definition of Rewilding.” Rewilding Earth Podcast. Accessed March 9, 2023.

57. “Daily briefing: How sea life bounced back after global extinction.” Nature. Published February 10, 2023. Accessed March 11, 2023. See also Ritchie, Craig (2022). "Extinction in the Anthropocene : a critical analysis." Doctoral thesis, University of Kent. Accessed August 31, 2023.

58. Kolbert, Elizabeth. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. Picador, 2014.

59. “What is a food forest?” Project Food Forest.

60. “World Wetlands Day 2023.” Wetlands International. Accessed March 11, 2023.